Thin Films Electrophoretic Depositionįirst, the electrolyte solution was prepared, for which 1.0 g of TiO 2 and 80 mL of ethyl alcohol were mixed in an Erlenmeyer flask. This study aims to obtain optimized conditions for electrodeposited TiO 2/ITO films at different times to enable photoelectrocatalytic and photovoltaic applications in future studies.Ģ.2. A correlation between time deposition, structure, surface roughness, growth morphology, and electrical properties of the TiO 2 films is established, which can help improve the fabrication processes of TiO 2-based devices. This insight aims to analyze the influence of deposition time on the structural, morphological, and electrical conductivity properties of thin films. In the present work, we focus on the growth of nanostructured TiO 2 films on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates obtained using the electrodeposition technique under different deposition times. Moreover, their 3D topographical maps can be used to analyze several other morphological parameters, e.g., spatial, hybrid, feature, functional and volumetric, and geometrical morphology shape and spatial frequencies, which can reveal the unique spatial patterns of the formed topography. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used for morphological characterization in real space and for determining thickness, roughness, and particle size in thin films. For this purpose, scanning probe microscopy techniques have been employed. In this regard, studies based on the morphology of the thin films when the time deposition varies help to reveal the growth mechanism of these films. The comprehension of the growth mechanisms and the study of structure and morphology as a function of the time deposition of the thin films are essential to preparing materials in a measured way for the desired properties. It is known that the coating deposition method can strongly influence the surface formed and affect properties, which justifies the choice of a method with high composition control. Among these methods, chemical solution deposition is one of the more promising techniques because it provides higher composition control, lower processing temperatures, shorter fabrication time, and relatively low cost. TiO 2 thin films can be deposited using various methods, such as sol–gel dip and spin coating, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and sputtering. Withal, anatase, and rutile titania exhibit an excellent refractive index, high dielectric constant, higher hiding power, and superior chemical stability. They are different in their synthesis and properties, among which rutile and anatase are the most synthesized phases owing to their good thermodynamic characteristics and physical properties. TiO 2 is a polymorphic compound with three mainly crystallographic phases: anatase, rutile, and brookite. It has various advantages, such as high surface tension, specific surface area, magnetic property, lower melting point, good thermal conductivity, and being environmentally friendly. TiO 2 is used in many products, and its global demand growth is increasing rapidly along with its low price. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanopowders have received much interest due to their use in several technological applications, e.g., in industry and nanotechnology. Thus, our results prove that the deposition time used during the electrophoretic experiment consistently affects the films’ structure, morphology, and electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity measurements showed that despite the decrease in topographical roughness, the films acquired a thickness capable of making them increasingly insulating from 2 to 10 s of deposition. The surfaces were also mapped to have low spatial dominant frequencies, which is associated with the similar roughness profile of the films, despite the overall difference in vertical growth observed. The height-based ISO, as well as specific surface microtexture parameters, showed an overall decrease from 2 to 10 s of deposition, showing a subtle decrease in the vertical growth of the films. AFM 3D maps showed that the surfaces obtained between 2 and 10 s of deposition exhibit strong topographical irregularities with long-range and short-range correlations being observed in different surface regions, a trend also observed by the Minkowski functionals. The XRD analysis revealed that the films could exhibit a crystalline structure composed of ~81% anatase and ~6% rutile after 10 s of deposition, with crystallite size of 15 nm. TiO 2 time-dependent electrodeposited thin films were synthesized using an electrophoretic apparatus.
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